Anson Stevens-Bolen
T hroughout its 40-year history, Project Censored has covered a lot of ground that the corporate mainstream media has missed. Begun by Carl Jensen, a sociology professor at California’s Sonoma State University, shortly after Watergate in 1976, it’s become an institution involving dozens of faculty members and institutions working together to come up with an annual list of the top censored stories of the year.
The Watergate burglary in June 1972 "sparked one of the biggest political cover-ups in modern history," Jensen later recalled. "And the press was an unwitting, if willing participant in the coverup."
"Watergate taught us two important lessons about the press: First, the news media sometimes do fail to cover some important issues, and second, the news media sometimes indulge in self-censorship," he said.
On the upside, it led to the creation of Project Censored.
As with the Watergate story, these aren't censored in the overt heavy-handed manner of an authoritarian dictatorship, but in the often more effective manner reflecting our society—an oligarchy with highly centralized economic power pretending to be a "free marketplace of ideas."
It may give people what they think they want in the moment, but it leaves them hungry for more, if not downright malnourished in the long run. The missing stories concern vital subjects central to the healthy functioning of our democracy. The problem is, we may not even realize what we're missing, which is precisely why Project Censored is essential.
"Another way to think about it is as censorship of what the people as a whole can hear, rather than what any one individual can say."
Another way to think about it is as censorship of what the people as a whole can hear, rather than what any one individual can say. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights makes it very clear: Freedom of opinion and expression includes the right "to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."
This year, 221 students and 33 faculty members from 18 college and university campuses across the United States and Canada were involved. A panel of 28 judges comprised of media studies professors, professional journalists and even a former commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission also participated.
News isn't just created for individuals to consume, but for citizens to debate, discuss and then take action on. The real Project Censored, in short, includes you, the reader.
Project Censored has always dealt with specific stories, but on anniversaries like this one, the larger patterns those stories fit within are impossible ignore. Economic inequality, global warming, petro-politics, suppression of health science, government spying, corporate influence of government—these are all familiar themes that appear again on this year's list. But a bit more ought to be said by way of introduction to this year's top censored story, before starting the list proper.
Jensen began the preface to Project Censored's 20th anniversary edition with the story of how John F Kennedy killed a detailed New York Times story which would blow the whistle on the planned invasion of Cuba. A shrunken, muted version ran in its place. Afterwards, Kennedy told a Times editor, "If you had printed more about the operation, you could have saved us from a colossal mistake." This year's No. 1 censored story is a direct descendent of the story JFK wished he hadn't managed to kill.
US Military Forces are Deployed in 70 Percent of World’s Nations
The covert exercise of US military power is a recurrent subject of Project Censored stories. This year's top censored story joins that long tradition. It deals with the massive expansion in the number of countries where the officially unnamed war on terror is now being waged by US Special Operations Forces—147 of the world's 195 recognized nations, an 80 percent increase since 2010. This includes a dramatic expansion in Africa.
The majority of the activity is in "training missions," meaning that this expansion is promoting a coordinated worldwide intensification of conflict, unseen at home, but felt all around the globe. Writing for TomDispatch, The Nation and The Intercept, Nick Turse exposed different aspects of this story and its implications.
Turse's story for The Intercept focused on the development of a single base, Chabelley Airfield, in the East African nation of Djibouti. It's an "out-of-the-way outpost" transformed into "a key hub for its secret war … in Africa and the Middle East."
In The Nation, Turse tackled the question of mission success. Project Censored noted that "Turse [had] reported skepticism from a number of experts in response to this question," pointing out that "impacts are not the same as successes."
In Vietnam, body counts were mistaken for signs of success.
"Today, tallying up the number of countries in which Special Operations forces are present repeats this error," Vietnam veteran and author Andrew Bacevich told Turse.
Sources: Turse, Nick, “A Secret War in 135 Countries,” TomDispatch, 2015; “The Stealth Expansion of a Secret U.S. Drone Base in Africa,” The Intercept, 2015; “American Special Operations Forces Have a Very Funny Definition of Success,” The Nation, October 26, 2015.
Crisis in Evidence-Based Medicine
The role of science in improving human health has been one of humanity's greatest achievements, but the profit-oriented influence of the pharmaceutical industry has created a crisis situation. That research simply cannot be trusted. Burying truth for profit is a recurrent theme for Project Censored. The top story in 1981 concerned fraudulent testing from a single lab responsible for one-third of the toxicity and cancer testing of chemicals in America. But this problem is much more profound.
"Something has gone fundamentally wrong," said Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, commenting on a UK symposium on the reproducibility and reliability of biomedical research: "Much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue. Afflicted by studies with small sample sizes, tiny effects, invalid exploratory analyses and flagrant conflicts of interest, together with an obsession for pursuing fashionable trends of dubious importance, science has taken a turn towards darkness. … The apparent endemicity of bad research behavior is alarming."
Horton's conclusion echoed that of Marcia Angell, a former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, who went public in 2009.
A classic case was Study 329 in 2001, which reported that paroxetine (Paxil in the United States and Seroxat in the United Kingdom) was safe and effective for treating depressed children and adolescents, leading doctors to prescribe Paxil to more than 2 million US children and adolescents by the end of 2002 before being called into question. The company responsible (now GlaxoSmithKline) agreed to pay $3 billion in 2012, the "largest healthcare fraud settlement in US history," according to the US Department of Justice.
Nonetheless, the study has not been retracted or corrected, and "none of the authors have been disciplined," Project Censored points out. This, despite a major reanalysis which "'starkly' contradicted the original report's claims." The reanalysis was seen as the first major success of a new open data initiative known as Restoring Invisible and Abandoned Trials.
While Project Censored noted one Washington Post story on the reanalysis, there was only passing mention of the open data movement. "Otherwise, the corporate press ignored the reassessment of the paroxetine study," and beyond that, "Richard Horton's Lancet editorial received no coverage in the US corporate press."
Source: The Lancet 385, no. 9976, 2015; Cooper, Charlie, “Anti-Depressant was Given to Millions of Young People ‘After Trials Showed It was Dangerous,’” The Independent, 2015; Boseley, Sarah, “Seroxat Study Under-Reported Harmful Effects on Young People, Say Scientists,” The Guardian, 2015.
Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels Threaten to Permanently Disrupt Kill Vital Ocean Bacteria
Global warming is a recurrent Project Censored subject. Systemic changes associated with global warming threaten human welfare and all life on earth through a multitude of different pathways. These remain largely hidden from public view. One potential pathway—directly dependent on carbon, not temperature—is through the catastrophic overproduction of Trichodesmium bacteria, which could devastate the entire marine food chain in some regions. It lives in nutrient-poor parts of the ocean, where it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, an essential nutrient for other organisms—from algae to whales.
A five-year study by researchers at the University of Southern California and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution found that subjecting hundreds of generations of the bacteria to predicted CO2 levels in the year 2100 caused them to evolve into "reproductive overdrive," growing faster and producing 50 percent more nitrogen.
As a result, they could consume significant quantities of scarce nutrients, such as iron and phosphorus, depriving the ability of other organisms to survive. Or the Trichodesmium bacteria could drive themselves into extinction, depriving other organisms of the ammonium they need to survive.
"Most significantly, the researchers found that even when the bacteria was returned to lower, present-day levels of carbon dioxide, Trichodesmium remained 'stuck in the fast lane,'" Project Censored noted, a finding that one researcher described as "unprecedented in evolutionary biology."
Sources: Perkins, Robert, “Climate Change Will Irreversibly Force Key Ocean Bacteria into Overdrive,” USC News, 2015; Howard, Emma, “Climate Change Will Alter Ocean Bacteria Crucial to Food Chain—Study,” The Guardian, 2015.
Search Engine Algorithms and Hacked Electronic Voting Machines Could Swing 2016 Election
Social media has played an important role in recent social movements, from the Arab Spring to Black Lives Matter, but technology can potentially undermine democracy as well as empower it.
In particular, search engine algorithms and electronic voting machines provide opportunities for manipulation of voters and votes, which could profoundly affect the 2016 election.
Mark Frary, in Index on Censorship, describes the latest research by Robert Epstein and Ronald E Robertson of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology on what they call the Search Engine Manipulation Effect, or SEME.
Their study of more than 4,500 undecided voters in the United States and India showed that biased search rankings "could shift the voting preferences of undecided voters by 20 percent or more" and "could be masked so that people show no awareness of the manipulation."
In an earlier article for Politico, Epstein wrote that SEME "turns out to be one of the largest behavioral effects ever discovered. ...[W]e believe SEME is a serious threat to the democratic system of government."
Because courts have ruled that their source code is proprietary, private companies that own electronic voting machines are essentially immune to transparent public oversight, as Harvey Wasserman and Bob Fitrakis documented.
In 2016, about 80 percent of the US electorate will vote using outdated electronic voting machines that rely on proprietary software from private corporations, according to a September 2015 study by the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law.
The study identified "increased failures and crashes, which can lead to long lines and lost votes" as the "biggest risk" of outdated voting equipment, while noting that older machines also have "serious security and reliability flaws that are unacceptable today."
"From a security perspective, old software is riskier, because new methods of attack are constantly being developed, and older software is likely to be vulnerable," Jeremy Epstein of the National Science Foundation noted.
On Democracy Now! and elsewhere, Wasserman and Fitrakis have advocated universal, hand-counted paper ballots and automatic voter registration as part of their "Ohio Plan" to restore electoral integrity.
While there has been some corporate media coverage of Epstein and Robertson's research, the transparency and reliability advantages of returning to paper ballots remain virtually unexplored and undiscussed. (Note: New Mexico uses paper ballots.)
Sources: Epstein, Robert, “How Google Could Rig the 2016 Election,” Politico, 2015; Frary, Mark, “Whose World are You Watching? The Secret Algorithms Controlling the News We See,” Index on Censorship 44, no. 4, 2015; Norden, Lawrence and Famighetti, Christopher, “America’s Voting Machines at Risk,” Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, 2015; Harvey Wasserman, interview by Goodman, Amy, “Could the 2016 Election be Stolen with Help from Electronic Voting Machines?” Democracy Now!, 2016; Fitrakis, Bob and Wasserman, Harvey, “Is the 2016 Election Already Being Stripped & Flipped?,” Free Press, 2016.
Corporate Exploitation of Global Refugee Crisis Masked as Humanitarian
The world is experiencing a global refugee crisis (60 million worldwide according to a June 2015 report, 11.5 million of them Syrian). This has been covered in the corporate media—though not nearly enough to generate an appropriate response. What hasn't been covered is the increasingly well-organized exploitation of refugees, particularly those displaced in Syria.
An AlterNet article by Sarah Lazare—cited by Project Censored—warned of the World Bank's private enterprise solution to the Syrian displacement crisis.
"Under the guise of humanitarian aid, the World Bank is enticing Western companies to launch 'new investments' in Jordan in order to profit from the labor of stranded Syrian refugees," Lazare wrote. "In a country where migrant workers have faced forced servitude, torture and wage theft, there is reason to be concerned that this capital-intensive 'solution' to the mounting crisis of displacement will establish sweatshops that specifically target war refugees for hyper-exploitation."
A World Bank press release touted "the creation of special economic zones or SEZs," but Project Censored noted, "Myriam Francois, a journalist and research associate at SOAS, the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, told Lazare that the development of SEZs in Jordan 'will change refugee camps from emergency and temporary responses to a crisis, to much more permanent settlements.'"
"[World Bank] proposals are ‘less about Syrian needs and more about keeping Syrian refugees out of Europe by creating (barely) sustainable conditions within the camps.’"
The SEZ proposals, Francois said, are "less about Syrian needs and more about keeping Syrian refugees out of Europe by creating (barely) sustainable conditions within the camps, which would then make claims to asylum much harder to recognize.'"
Another story, by Glen Ford of Black Agenda Report, described a related agreement between Turkey and the European Union to keep millions of refugees from entering Europe as "a deal between devils," adding that Turkey has "cashed in on the people it has helped make homeless."
In addition to the $3.3 billion in EU money, Project Censored noted:
Turkey has also sought admission to the European Union, and, with this, the right for 75 million Turks to enter Europe without visa restrictions as a condition for controlling its refugee population.
Thus, according to Ford, Turkey has engaged in a "vast protections racket trap," effectively agreeing to protect Europe from further incursions by "the formerly colonized peoples whose labor and lands have fattened Europe and its white settler states for half a millennium.
"...Europeans will never accept Turkey into the fold, because it is Muslim and not-quite-white," Ford concluded.
Sources: Lazare, Sarah, “World Bank Woos Western Corporations to Profit from Labor of Stranded Syrian Refugees,” AlterNet, 2016; Ford, Glen, “Turkey and Europe: Human Trafficking on a Scale Not Seen Since the Atlantic Slave Trade,” Black Agenda Radio, Black Agenda Report, 2016.
More than 1.5 Million us Families Live on $2 Per Person Per Day
Even the working poor receive scant attention, but those living in deep poverty—less than $2 per day—are almost entirely absent.
Kathryn J Edin and H Luke Shaefer, sociologists and authors of the book $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America, state that in 2011 more than 1.5 million US families—including 3 million children—lived in deep poverty at any given time.
Their depiction of what poverty looks like reads "like a Dickens novel," Marcus Harrison Green wrote in YES! Magazine, while in The Atlantic, economist Jared Bernstein noted that their research highlights the problematic long-term consequences of President Bill Clinton's 1996 welfare reform initiative, with its "insistence on work without regard to job availability."
Project Censored notes that Edin and Shaefer proposed three policy changes to address extreme poverty in the United States:
"First, policy must start by 'expanding work opportunities for those at the very bottom of society.'
"Second, policy must address housing instability, which Shaefer described as both a cause and a consequence of extreme poverty. 'Parents should be able to raise their children in a place of their own.'
"Third, families must be insured against extreme poverty, even when parents are not able to work."
William Julius Wilson, a leading sociologist in the study of poverty, described their book as "an essential call to action" in a New York Times book review, but this was a rare recognition in the corporate press.
Sources: Green, Marcus Harrison, “1.5 Million American Families Live on $2 a Day—These Authors Spent Years Finding Out Why,” YES! Magazine, 2015; Bernstein, Jared, “America’s Poorest are Getting Virtually No Assistance,” The Atlantic, 2015.
No End in Sight for Fukushima Disaster
Five years after the Fukushima nuclear power plant was destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, the nuclear disaster continues to unfold with the ongoing release of large quantities of radioactive wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, in which turn affects ocean life through "biological magnification."
Meanwhile the Japanese government has relaxed radiation limits in support of its efforts to return the refugee population—a move that younger people, prime working-age taxpayers, are resisting.
Project Censored cites a media analysis by sociologist Celine-Marie Pascale of American University. Pascale, covering more than 2,100 articles, editorials, and letters to the editor on Fukushima in the Washington Post, the New York Times, Politico, and the Huffington Post between March 11, 2011 and March 11, 2013, focused on two basic questions: Risk for whom? And from what?
She found that just 6 percent of articles reported on risk to the general public, and most of those "significantly discounted those risks." She concluded, "The largest and longest lasting nuclear disaster of our time was routinely and consistently reported as being of little consequence to people, food supplies, or environments. … In short, the media coverage was premised on misinformation, the minimization of public health risks, and the exacerbation of uncertainties."
In contrast, Dahr Jamail's reporting for Truthout pointed out that the cooling process—still ongoing after five years—has produced "hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of tons" of highly radioactive water, much of which has been released into the Pacific Ocean. Such nuclear disasters "never end," Arnold Gundersen, a former nuclear industry senior vice president, told Jamail.
Project Censored also cited Linda Pentz Gunter, writing for The Ecologist about the Japanese government's ongoing coverup.
"In order to proclaim the Fukushima area 'safe,' the government increased exposure limits to 20 times the international norm," Gunter wrote, in order to force refugees to return home, despite medical or scientific evidence to the contrary.
Sources: Jamail, Dahr, “Radioactive Water from Fukushima is Leaking into the Pacific,” Truthout, 2016; Pentz Gunter, Linda, “No Bliss in This Ignorance: The Great Fukushima Nuclear Cover-Up,” The Ecologist, 2016; Pascale, Celine-Marie, “Vernacular Epistemologies of Risk: The Crisis in Fukushima,” Current Sociology, 2016.
Syria’s War Spurred by Contest for Gas Delivery to Europe, Not Muslim Sectarianism
The Syrian war and its resulting refugee crisis have gained headlines over the past five years, but the origins of the conflict, control of oil and gas, are rarely considered—the politics of which have dominated the region since before World War II. The hidden influence of oil—from climate change to campaign finance and corporate lobbying to foreign policy—has been a recurrent subject of Project Censored stories.
Project Censored cites a single September 2015 story by Mnar Muhawesh for MintPress News, but that story cites others as well, notably an August 2013 story in The Guardian by Nafeez Ahmed.
"The 2011 uprisings, it would seem—triggered by a confluence of domestic energy shortages and climate-induced droughts which led to massive food price hikes—came at an opportune moment that was quickly exploited," Ahmed wrote, as part of a broader strategy to undermine governments in the region, as well as manipulating social movements and armed factions for the purpose of maintaining control of oil and gas.
Muhawesh and Ahmed both point, in particular, to President Bashar al-Assad's choice between competing pipeline proposals. He refused to sign a proposed agreement for a pipeline from Qatar's North Field through Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria and on to Turkey in 2009, because it would have hurt his ally, Russia.
"The proposed pipeline would have bypassed Russia to reach European markets currently dominated by Russian gas giant Gazprom," Project Censored notes. Instead, Assad pursued negotiations—finalized in 2012—for a pipeline through Iraq from Iran's South Pars Field, which is contiguous with Qatar's North Field.
Muhawesh cites US cables revealed by WikiLeaks as evidence that "foreign meddling in Syria began several years before the Syrian revolt erupted." Ahmed came to the same conclusions by drawing on multiple sources, including a RAND Corporation document, "Unfolding the Future of the Long War," which discussed long-term policy options (trajectories) dealing with the complex interplay of energy interests and ethno-religious-political manipulations.
There's a whole deeper level of driving forces not being reported on behind the Syrian war and refugee crisis.
Source: Muhawesh, Mnar, “Refugee Crisis & Syria War Fueled by Competing Gas Pipelines,” MintPress News, 2015.
Big Pharma Political Lobbying Not Limited to Presidential Campaigns
The pharmaceutical industry (aka "Big Pharma") already appeared in story No. 2, "Crisis in Evidence-Based Medicine," due to the destructive influence of its financing on the practice of basic science in testing and developing new drugs. But that's not the only destructive impact of their spending.
Although they spent $51 million in campaign donations in the 2012 presidential election, and nearly $32 million in the 2014 midterms, Mike Ludwig of Truthout reported they spent $7 lobbying for every dollar spent on the midterms.
"The $229 million spent by drug companies and their lobbying groups that year was down from a peak of $273 million in 2009, the year that Congress debated the Affordable Care Act," Project Censored noted. Legislation influenced involved all the industry's top concerns, "including policy on patents and trademarks, management of Medicare and Medicaid, and international trade."
The last item includes pressuring other countries to suppress the manufacture of life-saving generic AIDS drugs in India, to cite just one example.
"Pharmaceutical lobbyists also consistently lobby to prevent Medicare from negotiating drug prices," Project Censored also noted. Coverage of their spending is scant, and virtually never tied directly to the issues that Big Pharma itself is lobbying on.
Source: Ludwig, Mike, “How Much of Big Pharma’s Massive Profits are Used to Influence Politicians?,” Truthout, 2015.
Anson Stevens-Bollen
CISA: The Internet Surveillance Act No One is Discussing
In July 2015, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell attempted to attach the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, or CISA, as an amendment to the annual National Defense Authorization Act. However, the Senate blocked this by a vote of 56-40, in part because, unlike an earlier version, it essentially enabled intelligence and law enforcement officials to engage in surveillance without warrants.
Yet, on December 18, 2015, President Barack Obama signed CISA into law as part of a 2,000-page omnibus spending bill, amid media silence—with notable exceptions at Wired and The Guardian. The act authorized the creation of a system for corporate informants to provide customers' data to the Department of Homeland Security, which, in turn, would share this information with other federal agencies—the National Security Agency, FBI, Internal Revenue Service and others—without privacy-protecting safeguards.
In one sense it followed a familiar—if distressing—pattern, as The Guardian reported. Civil liberties experts had been "dismayed" when Congress used the omnibus spending bill to advance some of the legislation's "most invasive" components, making a mockery of the democratic process. But this one was different, since censored stories usually do not stifle powerful voices, as Project Censored observed:
"DHS itself warned that the bill would ‘sweep away privacy protections’ while inundating the agency with data of ‘dubious’ value."
"[Andy] Greenberg's Wired article noted that tech firms—including Apple, Twitter, and Reddit—as well as 55 civil liberties groups had opposed the bill, and that, in July 2015, DHS itself warned that the bill would 'sweep away privacy protections' while inundating the agency with data of 'dubious' value."
In April 2016, Jason R Edgecombe reported for TechCrunch on the glaring inadequacies of interim guidelines to deal with privacy and civil liberties concerns, while the corporate media silence continued. And in May, Violet Blue wrote for Engadget about candidates' positions on cyber issues. Only Bernie Sanders and Rand Paul opposed CISA, but it never became the subject of any broader media discussion.
Sources: Greenberg, Andy, “Congress Slips CISA into a Budget Bill That’s Sure to Pass,” Wired, 2015; Thielman, Sam, “Congress Adds Contested Cybersecurity Measures to ‘Must-Pass’ Spending Bill,” The Guardian, 2015; Edgecombe, Jason R, “Interim Guidelines to the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act,” TechCrunch, 2016; Blue, Violet, “Where the Candidates Stand on Cyber Issues,” Engadget, 2016.
Paul Rosenberg is the senior editor for Random Lengths News at the Port of Los Angeles, California and is a contributing columnist for Salon.com. Terelle Jerricks is the managing editor who contributed to this article. Read more at projectcensored.org.
